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摘要:在第24天的学习内容中,主要介绍了数据库管理及其数据类型。通过学习,我们了解到数据库管理的重要性,包括数据的组织、存储、保护和优化等方面。还详细探讨了各种数据类型,如数值型、字符型、日期型等,以及它们在数据库中的应用和特性。这些知识对于有效管理和运用数据库至关重要。
数据库管理及数据类型
一:数据类型
1.数值类型
整数类型
整数类型:TINYINT SMALLINT MEDIUMINT INT BIGINT
作用:用于存储用户的年龄、游戏的Level、经验值等
浮点数类型
浮点数类型:FLOAT DOUBLE
作用:用于存储用户的身高、体重、薪水等
float(5,3) 5宽度 3精度 注意: 宽度不算小数点 宽度-精度=点前 案例: MySQL [(none)]> create database diandian; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) MySQL [(none)]> use diandian Database changed MySQL [diandian]> create table t1(id float(6,2)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.24 sec) MySQL [diandian]> insert into t1 values('2.22');
定点数类型
定点数类型:DEC
定点数在MySQL内部以字符串形式存储,比浮点数更精确,适合用来表示货币等精度高的数据
位类型
位类型:BIT
BIT(M)可以用来存放多位二进制数,M范围从1~64,如果不写默认为1位
2.字符串类型
CHAR系列 CHAR VARCHAR
TEXT系列 TINYTEXT TEXT MEDIUMTEXT LONGTEXT
BLOB 系列 TINYBLOB BLOB MEDIUMBLOB LONGBLOB
BINARY系列 BINARY VARBINARY
枚举类型
枚举类型:枚举列可以把一些不重复的字符串存储成一个预定义的集合
mysql> create table enum_table( e ENUM('fish','apple','dog')); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.35 sec) mysql> insert into enum_table(e) values('fish'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.11 sec) mysql> select * from enum_table; +------+ | e | +------+ | fish | +------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into enum_table(e) values('nihao'); ERROR 1265 (01000): Data truncated for column 'e' at row 1
时间和日期类型
时间和日期类型:DATE TIME DATETIME TIMESTAMP YEAR
作用:用于存储用户的注册时间,文章的发布时间,文章的更新时间,员工的入职时间等
mysql> create table t8 ( id1 timestamp NOT NULL default CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, id2 datetime default NULL ); timestamp 类型的列还有个特性:默认情况下,在 insert, update 数据时,timestamp 列会自动以当前时间(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)填充/更新。“自动”的意思就是,你不去管它,MySQL 会替你去处理。 mysql> insert into t8(id1) values('20180109000000'); mysql> select * from t8; +---------------------+------+ | id1 | d2 | +---------------------+------+ | 2018-01-09 00:00:00 | NULL | +---------------------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) 扩展: select now();查看当前时间
二:表操作
1.案例
表::school.student1
字段 字段 字段 id name sex age 1 tom male 23 记录 2 jack male 21 记录 3 alice female 19 记录
语法:
create table 表名(自定义)( 字段名1 类型[(宽度) 约束条件], 字段名2 类型[(宽度) 约束条件], 字段名3 类型[(宽度) 约束条件] )[存储引擎 字符集]; ==在同一张表中,字段名是不能相同 ==宽度和约束条件可选 ==字段名和类型是必须的
创建库表:
mysql> CREATE DATABASE school; //创建数据库school mysql> use school; mysql> create table student1( id int, name varchar(50), sex enum('m','f'), age int ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
查看库:
mysql> show tables; +------------------+ | Tables_in_school | +------------------+ | student1 | +------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
插入语法:
insert into 表名(字段1,字段2...) values(字段值列表...);
插入数据:
mysql> insert into student1(id,name,sex,age) values(1,'xingdia','m','26');
查看表结构:
mysql> desc student1; +-------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum('m','f') | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询数据:
mysql> select id,name,sex,age from student1; //查询表中所有字段的值 Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student1; /查询表中所有字段的值 Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> select name,age from student1; //查询表中指定字段的值 Empty set (0.00 sec)
扩展插入:
mysql> insert into student1 values (1,'xingdian','m',33),(2,'alice','m',20),(3,'jack','m',40); //顺序插入 Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.14 sec) Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into student1(name,age) values ('zhuzhu',10),('gougou',20); //只向指定的字段插入值 Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.12 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
2.案例
表:school.student2
字段名 数据类型 编号 id int 姓名 name varchar(50) 出生年份 born_year year 生日 birthday date 上课时间 class_time time 注册时间 reg_time datetime
创建表:
mysql> create table student2( id int, name varchar(50), born_year year, birthday date, class_time time, reg_time datetime );
插入数据:
mysql> insert into student2 values(1,'tom',now(),now(),now(),now()); mysql> insert into student2 values(2,'jack',1982,19821120,123000,20140415162545);
表:school.student3
id id int 姓名 name varchar(50) 性别 sex enum('male','female') 爱好 hobby set('music','book','game','disc')
创建表:
mysql> create table student3( id int, name varchar(50), sex enum('male','female'), hobby set('music','book','game','disc') );
查看表结构:
mysql> desc student3; mysql> show create table student3\G
插入数据:
mysql> insert into student3 values (1,'tom','male','book,game'); mysql> insert into student3 values (2,'jack','male','film');
注意:
DESCRIBE查看表结构
DESCRIBE 表名; DESC 表名;
查看表详细结构
SHOW CREATE TABLE 表名;
三:表完整性约束
1.作用
用于保证数据的完整性和一致性
2.约束条件
PRIMARY KEY (PK) 标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录,不可以为空 UNIQUE + NOT NULL
FOREIGN KEY (FK) 标识该字段为该表的外键,实现表与表(父表主键/子表1外键/子表2外键)之间的关联
NOT NULL 标识该字段不能为空
UNIQUE KEY (UK) 标识该字段的值是唯一的,可以为空,一个表中可以有多个UNIQUE KEY
AUTO_INCREMENT 标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
DEFAULT 为该字段设置默认值
注意:
是否允许为空,默认NULL,可设置NOT NULL,字段不允许为空,必须赋值
字段是否有默认值,缺省的默认值是NULL,如果插入记录时不给字段赋值,此字段使用默认值
MySQL [(none)]> sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male' MySQL [(none)]> age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20 必须为正值(无符号) 不允许为空 默认是20
是否是key 主键 primary key 外键 forengn key
3.NOT NULL
表:school.student4
创建表:(注意前提需要有库)
mysql> create table school.student4( id int not null, name varchar(50) not null, sex enum('m','f') default 'm' not null, age int unsigned default 18 not null, hobby set('music','disc','dance','book') default 'book,dance' );
插入数据:(注意观察查询到的数据)
MySQL [(none)]> insert into school.student4(id,name) values(2,'robin'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.08 sec) MySQL [(none)]> select * from school.student4; +----+-------+-----+-----+------------+ | id | name | sex | age | hobby | +----+-------+-----+-----+------------+ | 2 | robin | m | 18 | dance,book | +----+-------+-----+-----+------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
注意报错的原因:
MySQL [(none)]> insert into school.student4 values(3,NULL,'m',40,'book'); ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'name' cannot be null
4.唯一约束
作用:
MySQL索引的建立对于MySQL的高效运行是很重要的,索引可以大大提高MySQL的检索速度
表:company.department1
创建表:
MySQL [(none)]> create database company; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) MySQL [(none)]> CREATE TABLE company.department1 (dept_id INT,dept_name VARCHAR(30) UNIQUE,comment VARCHAR(50)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.34 sec)
查看表结构:
MySQL [(none)]> desc company.department1; +-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | dept_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | dept_name | varchar(30) | YES | UNI | NULL | | | comment | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | | +-----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
数据插入:(注意查看插入数据时的提示)
MySQL [(none)]> insert into company.department1 values ("1","xingdian","hr"); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec) MySQL [(none)]> insert into company.department1 values ("1","xingdian","hr"); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'xingdian' for key 'dept_name'
5.主键约束
注意:primary key 字段的值是不允许重复,且不允许不NULL(UNIQUE + NOT NULL)
表:school.student6
创建表:
MySQL [(none)]> create table school.student6( -> id int primary key not null auto_increment, -> name varchar(50) not null, -> sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', -> age int not null default 18 -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)
插入数据:
MySQL [(none)]> insert into school.student6 values (1,'alice','female',22); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.18 sec) MySQL [(none)]> insert into school.student6(name,sex,age) values -> ('jack','male',19), -> ('tom','male',23); Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.14 sec) Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 MySQL [(none)]> select * from school.student6; +----+-------+--------+-----+ | id | name | sex | age | +----+-------+--------+-----+ | 1 | alice | female | 22 | | 2 | jack | male | 19 | | 3 | tom | male | 23 | +----+-------+--------+-----+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
四:修改表
语法格式:
修改表名
ALTER TABLE 表名 RENAME 新表名;
增加字段
ALTER TABLE 表名
ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…],
ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
ALTER TABLE 表名
ADD 字段名 数据类型 [完整性约束条件…] AFTER 字段名;
删除字段
ALTER TABLE 表名 DROP 字段名;
修改字段
ALTER TABLE 表名 MODIFY 字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
ALTER TABLE 表名 CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 旧数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
ALTER TABLE 表名 CHANGE 旧字段名 新字段名 新数据类型 [完整性约束条件…];
1.修改数据库引擎
mysql> alter table service engine=innodb; //engine=myisam|memory|....
2.添加字段
mysql> create table student10 (id int); mysql> alter table student10 add name varchar(20) not null, add age int not null default 22; mysql> alter table student10 add stu_num int not null after name; //添加name字段之后 mysql> alter table student10 add sex enum('male','female') default 'male' first; //添加到最前面
3.删除字段
mysql> alter table student10 drop sex;
4.修改字段类型
MySQL [school]> desc student10; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.01 sec) MySQL [school]> alter table student10 modify age tinyint not null ; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 MySQL [school]> desc student10; +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | age | tinyint(4) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) MySQL [school]> alter table student10 modify id int not null primary key ; 修改字段类型、约束、主键 Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 MySQL [school]> desc student10; +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | age | tinyint(4) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5.增加约束
MySQL [school]> alter table student10 modify id int not null primary key ; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 MySQL [school]> desc student10; +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | age | tinyint(4) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) MySQL [school]> alter table student10 modify id int not null primary key auto_increment; ERROR 1068 (42000): Multiple primary key defined //错误,该字段已经是primary key MySQL [school]> alter table student10 modify id int not null auto_increment; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 MySQL [school]> desc student10; +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | age | tinyint(4) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
6.增加主键
MySQL [school]> desc student1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | char(1) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) MySQL [school]> alter table student1 add primary key(id); MySQL [school]> desc student1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | char(1) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
7.修改主键和自增
MySQL [school]> alter table student1 modify id int auto_increment; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 MySQL [school]> desc student1; +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | char(1) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
8.删除主键
MySQL [school]> desc student10; +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | age | tinyint(4) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) MySQL [school]> alter table student10 drop primary key; ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a key 删除自增 ySQL [school]> alter table student10 modify id int not null; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 MySQL [school]> desc student10; +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | age | tinyint(4) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ MySQL [school]> alter table student10 drop primary key; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 MySQL [school]> desc student10; +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | | age | tinyint(4) | NO | | NULL | | +-------+------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
9.复制表
复制表结构+记录 (key不会复制: 主键、外键和索引)复制表结构/记录+表结构,不会将Key复制
mysql> create table new_service select * from service;
只复制表结构
mysql> create table new1_service select * from service where 1=2; //条件为假,查不到任何记录
可以复制主键,只复制表结构
mysql> create table t4 like employees;
10.删除表
mysql> DROP TABLE 表名;
11.修改数据表中字段的值
语法:
Update 表名 set 列名=值where 条件
mysql> update student set name='123' where id=1;
删除某一行:
delete from 表名 where id=1
mysql> delete from type where id=1;
五:库操作
1.简介
系统自带库的含义及作用
MySQL [(none)]> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+
information_schema:虚拟库,主要存储了系统中的一些数据库对象的信息,例如用户表信息、列信息、权限信息、字符信息等
performance_schema:主要存储数据库服务器的性能参数
mysql:授权库,主要存储系统用户的权限信息
sys:主要存储数据库服务器的性能参数
注意:information_schema
SCHEMATA 存放的是系统中的库
MySQL [information_schema]> select * from information_schema.SCHEMATA; +--------------+--------------------+----------------------------+------------------------+----------+ | CATALOG_NAME | SCHEMA_NAME | DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME | DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME | SQL_PATH | +--------------+--------------------+----------------------------+------------------------+----------+ | def | information_schema | utf8 | utf8_general_ci | NULL | | def | mysql | latin1 | latin1_swedish_ci | NULL | | def | performance_schema | utf8 | utf8_general_ci | NULL | | def | school | latin1 | latin1_swedish_ci | NULL | | def | sys | utf8 | utf8_general_ci | NULL | +--------------+--------------------+----------------------------+------------------------+----------+ 目录_名称 实际库_名称 默认_字符_设置_名称 默认_分类_名称
TABLES 存储表名
MySQL [information_schema]> select * from information_schema.TABLES\G *************************** 283. row *************************** TABLE_CATALOG: def TABLE_SCHEMA: xingdian TABLE_NAME: t1 TABLE_TYPE: BASE TABLE ENGINE: InnoDB VERSION: 10 ROW_FORMAT: Dynamic TABLE_ROWS: 1 AVG_ROW_LENGTH: 16384 DATA_LENGTH: 16384 MAX_DATA_LENGTH: 0 INDEX_LENGTH: 0 DATA_FREE: 0 AUTO_INCREMENT: NULL CREATE_TIME: 2022-09-22 08:18:38 UPDATE_TIME: 2022-09-22 08:18:54 CHECK_TIME: NULL TABLE_COLLATION: latin1_swedish_ci CHECKSUM: NULL CREATE_OPTIONS: TABLE_COMMENT: 283 rows in set (0.02 sec)
COLUMNS 存储字段
*************************** 3083. row *************************** TABLE_CATALOG: def TABLE_SCHEMA: xingdian TABLE_NAME: t1 COLUMN_NAME: id ORDINAL_POSITION: 1 COLUMN_DEFAULT: NULL IS_NULLABLE: YES DATA_TYPE: int CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH: NULL CHARACTER_OCTET_LENGTH: NULL NUMERIC_PRECISION: 10 NUMERIC_SCALE: 0 DATETIME_PRECISION: NULL CHARACTER_SET_NAME: NULL COLLATION_NAME: NULL COLUMN_TYPE: int(11) COLUMN_KEY: EXTRA: PRIVILEGES: select,insert,update,references COLUMN_COMMENT: GENERATION_EXPRESSION: 3083 rows in set (0.03 sec)
2.创建库
方案一:交互式操作
mysql> create database xingdian;
数据库命名规则:
区分大小写
唯一性
不能使用关键字如 create select
不能单独使用数字
方案二:非交互式
mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123 -e "create database diandian"
3.查看数据库
mysql> show databases; mysql> show create database xingdian; mysql> select database(); 查看当前所在的库
4.切换数据库
mysql> use xingdian;
5.删除数据库
mysql> DROP DATABASE 数据库名;
NUMERIC_SCALE: 0 DATETIME_PRECISION: NULL CHARACTER_SET_NAME: NULL COLLATION_NAME: NULL COLUMN_TYPE: int(11) COLUMN_KEY: EXTRA: PRIVILEGES: select,insert,update,references COLUMN_COMMENT:
GENERATION_EXPRESSION:
3083 rows in set (0.03 sec)
#### 2.创建库 方案一:交互式操作 ```shell mysql> create database xingdian;
数据库命名规则:
区分大小写
唯一性
不能使用关键字如 create select
不能单独使用数字
方案二:非交互式
mysql -u root -pQianFeng@123 -e "create database diandian"
3.查看数据库
mysql> show databases; mysql> show create database xingdian; mysql> select database(); 查看当前所在的库
4.切换数据库
mysql> use xingdian;
5.删除数据库
mysql> DROP DATABASE 数据库名;
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